Phenytoin: adverse effects: 1.Hirsutism 2.Enlarged gums 3.Nystagmus 4.Yellow-browning of skin 5.Teratogenicity. 6.Osteomalacia 7.Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia) Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, and headache….
Hirsutism
Tetracycline adverse effects: K-kidney toxicity A-antianabolic effect P-phototoxicity I-inc ICP L-liver toxicity D-diabetes insipidus E-enamel problems V-vestibular toxicity .
Kidney toxicity
Aspirin Side effects: Asthma Salicyalism Peptic ulcer disease Phosphorylation(oxidation uncoupling)/ PPH/ Platelet disaggregation/ Premature closure of PDA Intestinal blood loss Reye’s syndrome Idiosyncracy Noise.
Peptic ulcer caused by aspirin
Methyldopa Side effects : Mental retardation Electrolyte imbalance Tolerance Headache/ Hepatotoxicity Psychological upset Lactation in female Dry mouth Oedema Parkinsonism Anaemia (haemolytic)
Chloramphenicol adverse effects: S-superinfections B-bone marrow depression I-irritative effects G-Gray baby syndrome H-hypersensitivity
Morphine:side-effects: myosis Out of it (sedation) Respiratory depression Pneumonia (aspiration) Hypotension Infrequency (constipation, urinary retention) Nausea Emesis
Miosis : Dilation of the pupil
Grey Baby Syndrome- Chloramphenicol
Pin Point Pupil-Morphine
Reyes Syndrome- Aspirin
Urine Coloration- Rifampicin
Frontal Headache- Indomethacin
Captopril-Persistent dry cough
Bleomycin-Pulmonary fibrosis
Vancomycin- Red man syndrome
Nicotinic acid- Flush
Steven Johnsons syndrome- Allopurinol
sulphonamides-kernicterus
aminoglycosides-ototoxicity
discoloration of teeth-tetracycline
doxorubicin & duanorubucin- cardiomyopathy.
chloroquine- cardiotoxicity
doxycycline- esophageal ulceration
vincristine & vinblastine- neuropathy
cyclophosphamide- alopecia
cimetidine & spironolactone- gynaecomastia
Effects of drugs during pregnancy on fetus
Antiepileptics- neuraltube defect
Warfarin- cleft palate
thalidomide- phocomalia
alcohol- cranial bone formation impairment
ANTIDOTES
benzodiazepine- flumazenil
paracetamol- N-acetyl cysteine
Morphine- naloxone
nitrites- methylene blue
organophosphorus compd.- DAM, PAM, Atropine
Atropine- Physostigmine
lead- BAL
cyanide- edetate+amyl nitrite
Some important drugs and its mechanism…
1. Nalidixic Acid-Prevent DNA synthesis
2. Dapsone-Folic acid synthesis inhibitor
3. Vinca alkaloid-Mitotic Spindle formation prevention
4. anthracycline-Intercalation of DNA
5. Methotraxate- Folic acid reductase inhibitor.
6. Warfarin-Vit k antagonist
7. Zidovudine- Inhibits the enzyme reverse transcriptase, preventing DNA replication
8. Metronidazole- disruption of helical structure of DNA
9. Tetracycline- Inhibits Protein synthesis by acting on 30 S unit of ribosome
10. Erythromycin- Inhibits Protein synthesis by acting on 50 S unit of ribosome
11. Chloroquine- Binds and alters properties of microbial and fungal DNA
12. Diazepam- GABA facilitator
13. Acetazolamide- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
14. Allopurinol- Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, inhibitor of uric acid
15. Fluconalzole- P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase Inhibitor
16. Salbutamol-Beta 2 receptor agonist
17. Tolnaftate- Inhibit squalene epoxidase which is necessary for ergosteral syns of fungal cell wall
18. Griesofulvin-inhibits fungal cell wall activity
19. Chloramphenicol-Inhibition of Protein syntheses
20. Levodopa- Replenish Brain deleted dopamine